Medical ethics confronts unprecedented transformation as artificial intelligence reshapes clinical decision-making, personalized medicine promises individualized treatment, and economic pressures challenge medicine's foundational commitments. This volume provides healthcare professionals, bioethicists, and policymakers with rigorous ethical frameworks for navigating complex decisions in contemporary practice. The authors examine how traditional principles of autonomy, informed consent, and patient safety must adapt when technological advances affect all aspects of medical care, from diagnosis to treatment. As health care becomes increasingly globalized, structural determinants such as poverty, law, and resource scarcity play an increasingly prominent role in the delivery of clinical services. The book addresses critical gaps by bridging philosophical analysis with real-world practice, offering evidence-based guidance for clinicians, administrators, and policymakers. Readers will gain practical tools for ethical reasoning that acknowledge uncertainty, competing values, and systemic constraints characterizing modern healthcare. From large language models in primary care to parental reflections on surgical decisions, from sustainability challenges in dialysis to bioethical insights from popular culture, this volume demonstrates that sound ethical decision-making requires both principled analysis and contextual wisdom. This book will be of interest to anyone seeking to understand how medicine can maintain ethical integrity while embracing technological innovation and confronting persistent inequities.