The book Neurogenesis and Brain Development - Advances and Challenges systematically explores key scientific advances in the development and repair of the nervous system. It delves into central nervous system regeneration mechanisms, including neural and mesenchymal stem cell therapies, extracellular vesicles, and metabolic glycoengineering. Additionally, it analyzes brain development, highlighting the role of cerebral organoids in understanding neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative diseases. This book combines insights from neuroscience, developmental biology, and regenerative medicine to offer a thorough overview of current knowledge and challenges in stem cell therapy, including safety and standardization. It explores the developmental origins of neuropsychiatric disorders and suggests new approaches for neural regeneration. As a vital resource, it guides researchers, clinicians, and scholars through foundational theories and future trends in the field.