Proceedings of the Danish Institute at Athens vol. XI includes reports from DanishGreek fieldworks at Kalydon, Cyprus and Syros and six contributions on ancient studies. The contributions deal with a fragment from Parthenon brought to Denmark by a marine officer in 1835, sculptures from the Heroon at Kalydon, the vault in 4th century BC Greek architecture, Athenian local historiography, Hellenistic and Roman pottery from Soli, Cyprus and the BronzeAge divine sunhorse found in Denmark and the links to Early Iron Age Italy and Greece.

Based on the extensive collection and systematic analysis of data from a limited area in the eastern part of the Jutland peninsula in Denmark, this book focuses on revealing the cultural development during the Neolithic period (3900-1700 BC) within this area.For each timespan, the development of the land use, ritual sphere and social structure are examined. The analysis of the collected data is undertaken in association with relevant data from other parts of South Scandinavia, to support the basis of information as well as to illuminate the connections with other areas. Based on the results obtained and in the context of the rest of South Scandinavia, a synthesis of the cultural development in the study area is presented, which also identifies relevant links to other parts of Northern Europe. The results also show, for example, how the social order collapsed during the later part of the period and a ’modern’ agricultural system emerged, in which farming was no longer adapted to the natural environment, but created its own one.Settlement-archaeological studies such as this are not common, and make a rare and ground-breaking contribution to the understanding of a subject that is enthusiastically discussed in archaeological research in both Denmark and the rest of Northern Europe.

The royal sites of Lejre and Gamla Uppsala loom large in Nordic history and folklore, as aristocratic power centres founded by descendants of the gods. With almost no contemporary records from within Scandinavia, the histories of the early Viking Age kings of Denmark and Sweden have largely been shaped by foreign chroniclers and medieval legends – each adding layers of myth and bias. At the same time, scholarly trends in the interpretation of such texts have moved through cycles of source critical emphasis that have spanned the full bandwidth from extreme credulity to the total rejection of any genuine historical content. This book, and the six-year project of which it is the result, presents a unique Danish-Swedish interdisciplinary collaboration between historians, saga scholars, and archaeologists to explore the roots of Scandinavia’s earliest kingdoms. The team of authors examines these elusive records alongside new striking archaeological discoveries at both sites, revealing high-status environments. Is it possible to illuminate the shadows of early Northern history, to attempt a genuine chronicle of the first kingdoms and their peoples? How does the archaeology of what can truly be termed royal palaces compare to the evidence of texts? Deliberately embracing debate without necessarily reaching consensus, the authors present the state of the art in our understanding of the dynasties that would reshape the Northern world.

Endlich befreit. Die Erleichterung in Dänemark im Frühjahr 1945 war groß. Allerdings war dies keine große Hilfe für die über 200. 000 deutschen Flüchtlinge, die in den letzten Kriegsmonaten auf der Flucht vor der Roten Armee ins Land kamen. Der Zufall wollte, dass die in Dänemark gestrandeten Flüchtlinge von der Gnade ihrer dänischen Gastgeber abhingen. Die Deutschen träumten von einem neuen Leben, doch Dänemark war soeben erst von einer verhassten Besatzungsmacht befreit worden. Deswegen waren die Flüchtlinge nicht sonderlich populär – sie trafen auf Ablehnung bei den Dänen und bei den Behörden bis die letzten deutschen Flüchtlinge im Februar 1949 ausreisen konnten. Sie dokumentierten ihre Schicksale in Briefen und Tagebüchern, die in einer globalen Welt mit großen Flüchtlingsströmen eine zeitlose, aktuelle Geschichte erzählen. Treten Sie mit John V. Jensen, Kurator beim Museumsverbund Varde, hinter den Stacheldraht und tauchen Sie ein in eine Geschichte von Unglück, Leid und einem kleinen Hoffnungsschimmer.

Excavations in 1958-1963 on the island of Failaka in Kuwait uncovered a small community of Dilmun traders from the second millennium BC. Prominent among the finds were 629 beads, most of them made of semi-precious stone, such as different varieties of chalcedony (agate, carnelian, jasper, and moss agate) and quartz (rock crystal, milky quartz, and smoky quartz), and a range of other stone types, such as calcite, chlorite, lapis lazuli, turquoise and porphyry. Additionally, part of the beads was made of glass: a new prestige material of the second millennium. The study consists of a typology, a classification of materials and an analysis of the dating and distribution of the beads. Manufacturing techniques, including perforation and use-wear, are also considered. In a final discussion, the bead corpus from Failaka is compared with similar material from contemporary sites on Failaka and in Bahrain, along with some thoughts on connections and trade relations, which may be inferred from the materials and forms in the bead assemblage. The study proposes far-reaching connections with the Indus in the east and the Aegean in the west.

Cultural differences are often the trigger for conflict – whether politically motivated or arising from dissonant understandings of national culture. But what we regard as distinctive today in our cultural heritage or day-to-day cultural experience is deeply rooted in the rich diversity of the national currents of the nineteenth century. Culture and Conflict: Nation-Building in Denmark and Scandinavia, 1800–1930 explores the many strands of Danish and Scandinavian culture that helped to shape these cultural identities. The sixteen contributions in this volume analyse how competing national agendas influenced the development of political life as well as literature, the visual arts, and music. A central theme is the cultural conflicts that formed an essential part of nineteenth-century nation-building. Culturally as well as politically, boundaries were drawn up, ideologies were formulated and discussed, and determined attempts were made to suppress divergent cultural voices in the drive to forge strong national or Scandinavian narratives. The results of these conflicts were the enduring cultural struggles that form the subject of this volume. The contributions at hand, by scholars from Denmark, Britain, Norway, the United States, and Germany, bring a broad and interdisciplinary perspective to bear on these distinctively Nordic themes. Aimed both at students and at established scholars, the chapters discuss the many facets of nationalism, its cultures, and its countercultures, as well as revisiting the historiography of the 1800–1930 period with a more pluralistic approach.

‘A lover of light’: in 1912, a French critic used these words to describe the great Danish painter Peder Severin Krøyer, who had close ties to the French art scene for more than two decades. Krøyer first visited Paris in 1877, and his many letters clearly show the impact French art had on Krøyer’s own development as a painter, on the artists’ colony in Skagen, and on Danish art history in general. In Krøyer and Paris. French Connections and Nordic Colours, art historians Mette Harbo Lehmann and Dominique Lobstein describe Krøyer’s artistic development from the Golden Age tradition favoured by the Danish academy to Naturalism and the Modern Breakthrough. They show how inspiration from France can be traced in his painting technique and his open-air paintings from Skagen, revealing how French Naturalism made its mark on Krøyer’s distinctive style.

PoDIA 10 features articles presenting the results from archaeological sites in Cyprus and at Sikyon, Greece, the activities of Danish philhellenes, and a re-evaluation of the significance of an archaic Attic Sphinx in the Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek in Copenhagen. Kristina Winther-Jacobsen analyses and discusses the ceramics and associated burial customs from two tombs in Cyprus from the Hellenistic-Roman period. Silke Müth and her team of researchers offer a preliminary report on the excavations and accompanying research in Old Sikyon 2018-2019. It is in the same connection that M. Arenfeldt Christensen presents a case study of human skeletal material from an Archaic grave in Sikyon, uncovered in 2019. Annette Højen Sørensen and Helge Wiingaard discuss the role of the Danish diplomat and minority expert as a Philhellene and present his collection of antiquities at Haderslev Cathedral School in Denmark in the light of the extraordinary circumstances in the first half of the 20th century which formed the borderland not only between Denmark and Germany but also between Greece and Turkey. John Lund discusses the activities of Frederik Scholten in Greece and the Greek world during the period around the Greek Revolution and presents his drawings from this period. Finally, Ingrid Strøm makes a case for adding the Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek marble sphinx to the oeuvres of the Moscophoros Master and for rendering it a more central position in the studies of Early Attic marble sculpture.

What do we mean when we say "the people"? In a Nordic context, the word "people" was historically associated not with members of a sovereign nation but of a household, church, or state. The term remains a battlefield of mixed or even opposing interests and has developed at least three different meanings: a political unit, a cultural entity, and a social multitude. Modern historian Ove Korsgaard focuses on the crucial struggles over who has (or has not) belonged to the people over the past 175 years, and elucidates their implications for state and nation building in Denmark and other Nordic countries.

Urban planning is a keystone in the materialization of the Nordic welfare states. That is not to say that there is one particular city form or planning practice that is synonymous with the emerging welfare city, as welfare per se is far from normative. On the contrary, welfare is a highly ambiguous and contested notion that has changed over the postwar decades, which is also reflected in the development of the welfare city. However, welfare in urban planning has mainly been associated with ideas of “the good life” and egalitarianism. In a Nordic context, the state has taken the lead in providing the social engineering “hardware” for advancing this universal aim. Social demographic welfare is economically based on full employment, and in this regard housing and caregiving support are key components. Yet education, infrastructure, and leisure facilities are also basic features in the distribution of universal welfare services for citizens’ entire lives. The results, ideally, are green and spacious welfare cities. This book outlines the origins, development, challenges, and lived realities of the changing welfare city, focusing primarily on Denmark. Strategies have changed over the decades as models of development have shifted and as the needs of society and a warming planet have come into focus. The current welfare city can be described as an urban landscape characterized by, on the one hand, a division of functions and, on the other, mutual competition. The role of the state has been minimized, turning municipalities into the new major agents in attracting taxpayers and providing goods—both by means of urban planning.

In the early Middle Ages, a network of maritime trading towns – emporia – emerged along the northern coasts of Europe. These early urban sites are among archaeology’s most notable contributions to our knowledge of the period between the disintegration of the Western Roman Empire and the growth of a maritime-oriented world in the Viking Age. Ribe, on the western coast of Denmark, is one of these sites. In 2017-18 the Northern Emporium research project conducted seminal research excavations, which provided new foundations for the study of this nodal point between Western Europe, Scandinavia, and the world beyond. This first volume presents the results of these excavations and analyses to piece together the history of the emporium and its social fabric. The research employs novel, high-definition methods to explore the networks of the site, integrating an extensive use of geoarchaeology and 3D stratigraphic recording with intensive environmental sampling and artefact recovery, resulting in more than 100,000 artefact finds. The results transform our understanding of key points of the early history of the North Sea region. Through the remains of dwellings and workshops – the traces left by traders, sailors, weavers, tailors, comb makers, and skilled producers of glass beads and metal ornaments – we follow the creation of Viking Age social networks, along with some of the most iconic artistic products of this world and the daily lives of some of its notable inhabitants.

This volume introduces an international readership to the role books have played in the lives and upbringing of young people in the Nordic countries from the 1750s until today. Charlotte Appel and Nina Christensen look beyond an overview of noteworthy texts and characters to address the region’s distinctive reading cultures and the interactions between literature and changing views of childhood, with a special focus on Denmark.The emergence of a dedicated market for children’s books in the Global North coincided with national school reforms, when Luther’s Small Catechism started to be supplemented—or replaced—by new books published for and about young readers, learners, and citizens. Children’s use of books and media is closely related to adults’ wishes to influence the present and future of a child through instruction, entertainment, or play. Chapters point to strong continuities as well as remarkable changes in the relationships between child readers and adult authors, artists, publishers, teachers, librarians, and parents through the centuries.Focusing on children as the central users and producers of texts, this interdisciplinary and transnational history shows how children’s exposure to and use of media impacted the Nordic welfare state, and vice versa. The ways adults facilitated—and in some cases prevented—access to picture books, schoolbooks, textbooks, comics, magazines, and other media to youth between infancy and adolescence reveals the complicated interplay between children’s internal wishes and grown-ups’ external expectations over time. As narratives for young audiences are continuously rewritten, republished, and adapted into new forms, this pithy synthesis brings forward new knowledge about the material and social history of books, literature, and childhood.

In-Between: Exploring Small Cracks of Everyday Life is an anthology comprising contributions from a group of social scientists all preoccupied with the possibilities and potentials of working ethnographically. The chapters of the book investigates a range of small everyday life ‘cracks’ – a notion covering unnoticed, withdrawn and overlooked phenomena alike, and which designate the metaphorical interstices and in-betweens that influence and affect most aspects of everyday experience, the comprehensive field also subject to ethnographic inquiry. The chapters in the anthology are all based on original fieldwork and explore different cracks occurring in-between humans as well as in-between humans and non-human entities. A distinct element of the book as a whole is that it comprises experiments in terms of both ethnographic writing approaches as well as with the construction of analytical objects. The argument consistently going through the separate chapters, as well as through the volume in entirety, is that the many wondrous, mysterious, odd and puzzling phenomena encountered in everyday life are not necessarily grasped best by the application of strictly rational and rigorous academic approaches. To the contrary, and as the authors all demonstrate in their own manner, social science can also seek to fathom these sides of human existence with analytical explorations that are both sensitive, bold and infused with responsive and creative intensity.

In 1493, King Hans of Denmark and Grand Prince Ivan III of Moscow concluded one of the earliest treaties of alliance between a Catholic European and an Orthodox Muscovite ruler. The alliance proved viable enough to generate two further treaties and an astounding fifty-plus diplomatic missions between Copenhagen and Moscow over the next thirty years. Yet little of scholarly value has been written about this unique late-medieval relationship across a divisive religious border. The book is intended to provide a solid foundation for a comprehensive study of the alliance. The author first goes over the peculiar customs and diplomatics of treating with medieval Russia, then proceeds to detail the diplomatic processes leading to each of the three Danish-Muscovite treaties. Further the surviving Danish and Muscovite treaty texts are published in a new critical edition with commentary and translations into English. And finally, the author reconstructs the missing originals of the treaties for a complete assembly of texts underlying the alliance.

In 1919, the Ford Motor Company – the world’s largest automobile manufacturer – decided to make a small Nordic country its bridgehead to continental Europe. Denmark was a good choice geographically and because of the country’s favourable customs policy. During the 1920s, Ford’s iconic Model T was assembled in Copenhagen, with large quantities exported from there to most of north-eastern Europe. The innovative manufacturing technology employed in Copenhagen was the same as that used in Ford’s American assembly plants, and the Copenhagen plant was actually designed by Albert Kahn – the architect behind Ford’s famous Highland Park factory in Detroit, Michigan. The Danish Ford Motor Company successfully continued production throughout the recession of the 1930s, the German occupation of Denmark in 1940–1945 and the Cold War and economic boom of the 1950s. The Copenhagen factory closed in 1966, obliged to give way to Ford’s larger operations elsewhere in Europe. Henry Ford’s pioneering principles of mass production went beyond mere technology. The large-scale serial manufacturing of uniform products was also a way of fulfilling his vision of an affluent consumer society. But as Fordism was relocated across the Atlantic, the rigorous discipline and fast-paced work routines applied in Detroit were challenged by local traditions, shifting market conditions and, most notably, a labour movement that was far more powerful than its American counterpart. Between Denmark and Detroit offers a detailed history of the Danish Ford Motor Company, but the book also has a wider scope, elucidating the concept of Fordism and how it was transformed by its move across the Atlantic. Lars K. Christensen holds a PhD in history. He is the author of several publications on labour history and industrial heritage. Presently, he is head of research and cultural heritage at the ROMU museums group.

The Core of Learning presents the philosophical framework of N.F.S. Grundtvig’s educational, poetic, theological, and political writings. In each of these fields he made a major contribution to the formation of modern Denmark. He situates humanity in the wider background of creation and nature, and in his alternative programme of enlightenment he focuses on the core and advance of Learning in the history of human civilization, and the role of emotions for all philosophical reflection. As part of its agenda to digitalise and translate Grundtvig’s vast output, the Grundtvig Study Centre at Aarhus University is pleased to publish this fifth volume in the series, ‘N.