The caesarean section is a widely accepted surgical procedure, that is mainly used in complex cases. However, the significant increase in caesarean section rates especially in developed countries, causes several medical and socio-economic problems. The main role of this book project is the presentation of recent advances in caesarean section surgical technique, most common perioperative complications and appropriate measures in order to reduce unnecessary caesarean section procedures. Overall, caesarean section implementation in daily practice should be reconsidered and performed in carefully selected cases, in order to provide clear health benefits for both mother and fetus and avoid unnecessary surgical interventions.